Reading Definition and Examples

Reading is the process of extracting meaning from a written or printed text. Etymology:Â  From the Old English, reading, advice Readings Classic British and American EssaysGraham Greenes Lost ChildhoodOn Reading for Amusement, by Henry FieldingOf Studies, by Francis BaconOn Studies, by Samuel JohnsonReaders and Writers, by Edward Bulwer-LyttonReading QuizzesRemedial Reading, by Richard RodriguezScrapbook of Styles The Art of Reading [W]e can roughly define what we mean by the art of reading as follows: the process whereby a mind, with nothing to operate on but the symbols of the readable matter, and with no help from outside, elevates itself by the power of its own operations. The mind passes from understanding less to understanding more. The skilled operations that cause this to happen are the various acts that constitute the art of reading. . . .We have shown that activity is the essence of good reading, and that the more active reading is, the better it is.(Mortimer Adler and Charles Van Doren, How to Read a Book. Simon and Schuster, 1972) The P2R Reading System:Preview, Read Actively, Review You can get more out of the time you spend reading your textbook by using an easy, three-step approach.The P2R reading/study system is designed for textbooks that are from easy to average level in difficulty. . . . First, preview the entire chapter. Next, read actively by highlighting or taking notes as you read. Finally, review using an active strategy such as reciting, answering review questions, or writing questions in the margin.(Dianna L. Van Blerkom, Orientation to College Learning, 6th ed. Wadsworth Cengage, 2010) Strategies for Active Reading Annotation is a strategy for active reading wherein you write the key information (such as major points, definitions, and examples) in the margins of your text. You are looking for and marking all the information you will need to remember from each chapter. Because it gives you a purpose, youll find that annotation helps you concentrate while reading, and it actually helps you learn from the text.(Sherrie Nist-Olejnik and Jodi Patrick Holschuh, College Rules!: How to Study, Survive, and Succeed in College, 3rd ed. Ten Speed Press, 2011)Think as well as read, and when you read. Yield not your minds to the passive impressions which others may make upon them. Hear what they have to say; but examine it, weigh it, and judge for yourselves. This will enable you to make a right use of books--to use them as helpers, not as guides to your understanding; as counselors, not as dictators of what you are to think and believe.(Tryon Edwards)The more we read, the more we are able to read. . . . Eve ry time a reader meets a new word, something new is likely to be learned about the identification and meaning of words. Every time a new text is read, something new is likely to be learned about reading different kinds of text. Learning to read is not a process of building up a repertoire of specific skills, which make all kinds of reading possible. Instead, experience increases the ability to read different kinds of text.(Frank Smith, Understanding Reading: A Psycholinguistic Analysis of Reading and Learning. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004) Reading in the U.S. According to the 2012 survey conducted by the National Endowment for the Arts, only 54.6% of American adults read a book of any type outside of work or school. Out of those 128 million Americans, 62% read both fiction and non-fiction with only 21% reading just non-fiction.(Sarah Galo, Mark Zuckerberg Declares 2015 the Year of Books With Online Reading Club. The Guardian, January 7, 2015) The Reading Revolution Reading has a history. It was not always and everywhere the same. . . . Rolf Engelsing has argued that a reading revolution (Ledrevolution) took place at the end of the 18th century. From the Middle Ages until sometime after 1750, according to Engelsing, men read intensively. They had only a few books--the Bible, an almanac, a devotional work or two--and they read them over and over again, usually aloud and in groups, so that a narrow range of traditional literature became deeply impressed on their consciousness. By 1800 men were reading extensively. They read all kinds of material, especially periodicals and newspapers, and read it only once, then raced on to the next item. (Robert Darnton, The Kiss of Lamourette: Reflections in Cultural History. W.W. Norton, 1990) Coleridge on Four Kinds of Readers There are four kinds of readers. The first is like the hour-glass; and their reading being as the sand, it runs in and runs out, and leaves not a vestige behind. A second is like the sponge, which imbibes everything, and returns it in nearly the same state, only a little dirtier. A third is like a jelly-bag, allowing all that is pure to pass away, and retaining only the refuse and dregs. And the fourth is like the slaves in the diamond mines of Golconda, who, casting aside all that is worthless, retain only pure gems.(Samuel Taylor Coleridge) Books in the House What influences how far a child will advance in her education? The parents level of education would seem like a strong indicator, but it turns out theres an even more concrete one, says LiveScience.com: the number of books in the home. A recent study by University of Nevada sociologists analyzed 20 years of data on 73,000 people in 27 countries, including the U.S. It found that a child born into a family of average income and education but with 500 books in the house would, on average attain 12 years of education--three years more than an equivalent child with no books at home. The more books are present, the greater the educational benefit. Even a little bit goes a long way, says study author Maria Evans. The presence of books, in fact, was twice as important to childrens progress in school as the fathers level of education. You get a lot of bang for your book, Evan says. (The Case for Books. The Week, June 11, 2010)For many people, as a number of studies show, reading is a genuinel y tactile experience--how a book feels and looks has a material impact on how we feel about reading. This isn’t necessarily Luddism or nostalgia. The truth is that the book is an exceptionally good piece of technology--easy to read, portable, durable, and inexpensive. Unlike the phase-change move toward digital that we saw in music, the transition to e-books is going to be slow; coexistence is more likely than conquest. The book isn’t obsolete.(James Surowiecki, E-Book vs. P-Book. The New Yorker, July 29, 2013) Notes and Quotes on Reading Reading is a means of thinking with another persons mind; it forces you to stretch your own.(Charles Scribner, Jr.)Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.(Francis Bacon, Of Studies, 1625)I believe that reading, in its original essence, is that fruitful miracle of a communication in the midst of solitude.(Marcel Proust) Reading as a Vice The great thing is to be always reading but never to get bored--treat it not like work, more as a vice!(C.S. Lewiss advice to his students, quoted by Alastair Fowler in C.S. Lewis: Supervisor. The Yale Review, October 2003)Reading is sometimes an ingenious device for avoiding thought.(Sir Arthur Helps, Friends in Council, 1847)Some people read too much: the bibliobuli . . . who are constantly drunk on books, as other men are drunk on whisky or religion.(H.L. Mencken, Notebooks)Nora Ephron on ReadingWhen I pass a bookshelf, I like to pick out a book from it and thumb through it. When I see a newspaper on the couch, I like to sit down with it. When the mail arrives, I like to rip it open. Reading is one of the main things I do. Reading is everything. Reading makes me feel Ive accomplished something, learned something, become a better person. Reading makes me smarter. Reading gives me something to talk about later on. Reading is the unbelievably healthy way my attention deficit disorder medicates itself. Reading is escape, and the opposite of escape; its a way to make contact with reality after a day of making things up, and its a way of making contact with someone elses imagination after a day thats all too real. Reading is grist. Reading is bliss.(Nora Ephron, Blind as a Bat. I Feel Bad About My Neck: And Other Thoughts On Being a Woman. Alfred A. Knopf, 2006)

Study On The Mergers And Acquisitions Of Icici Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2115 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Mergers and acquisitions have become the most frequently used methods of growth for companies in the twenty first century. They present a company with a potentially larger market share and open it up to a more diversified market. A merger is considered to be successful, if it increases the acquiring firms value; most mergers have actually been known to benefit both competition and consumers by allowing firms to operate more efficiently. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On The Mergers And Acquisitions Of Icici Finance Essay" essay for you Create order However, it has to be noted that some mergers and acquisitions have the capacity to decrease competition in various ways. The merger between ICICI bank and Bank of Madura presented ICICI Bank with the opportunity to expand its perspective through having access to retail banking markets and clientele in the regions where its previous exposure had been virtually inexistent. The merger gave the firm that extra growth and competitive edge that it was looking for to compete with HDFC Bank, SBI and other rivals. Research has shown that due to increasing advances in technology and banking processes, which make transactions, among other aspects of business, more effective and efficient, mergers and acquisitions have become more frequent today than ever before. INTRODUCTION: ICICI is one of the leading private sector banks in India, which combines financial strength with a reputation for innovation and a universal culture that embraces change.ICICI, a huge presence on the Indian financial scene, has an element of enormity in all that it does from ambition to projections and achievements. Ranked as the number one Bank India several times, this institution appears virtually unstoppable, but can it, in fact, fall prey to weakness? ICICIs impressive rise over the last couple decades cannot be denied, but now as the brand starts to over extend with a dizzying array of products and services Bank of Madura was established in 1943 by Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar. It acquired Chettinad Mercantile Bank (est. 1933) and Illanji Bank (est. 1904) in the 1960s. Bank of Madura was a Chettiar bank with a large customer base of 2 million plus customers and a network of more than 280 branches and 40+ ATMs centres spread across about 100 cities in India. The bank merged with ICICI Bank Limited Announcing the decisions of the two boards, ICICI Banks managing director and CEO H N Sinor and the Bank of Maduras chairman Dr K M Thiagarajan told a joint press conference in Chennai that once the merger was compelete the combined entity would be the largest private sector bank in the country in terms of assets which they said was estimated to be Rs 16,000 crore. (Verma, 2010) LITERATURE REVIEW: CHANGE MANAGEMENT: It is an organized approach to trade with change, both from view of an organization and on in the individual level. As in an organization changes transform by the leader Jamie Dimon for the reputation and profitability of an organization. CHANGE MODELS: Lewins change model is dividing three parts: https://www.lmcuk.com/outputImage.php?imageName=%2FuserFiles%2F2_Management%20Tools%2Fbusiness-culture-Lerwins-3-step-model.jpgwidth=563height=mode=1ÂÂ ¬_fixed= Source: https://www.lmcuk.com/management-tool/lewins-3-stage-model Unfreezing: The first stage in Lewins change model in which group members become dissatisfied with the status quo. Change : The second stage in Lewins change model in which group members alter their patterns of behaviour. Refreezing: The final stage in Lewins change model in which group members institutionalize the new patterns of behaviour into a new status quo. LEADERSHIP: Directing coordinating the works of group members (Fiedler, 1997) The process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing its goals (Behling, 1984) The Chairman of Bank of Madura, Dr. K. M. Thiagarajan understood cultural and financial advantage breaks concerning ICICI ABNK AND MADURA. He considered that in future it will become very difficult for smaller banks to compete, he told presspersons here that the decision to merge Bank of Madura with ICICI Bankwas taken after a lot of thought. You have to take a long-term view, he said. In a competitive environment where margins were under pressure this could prove difficult, he felt. Alternatively, these banks could raise fresh capital. The kind of premium that could be demanded depended largely on the share value. Unfortunately, markets and investors, rightly or wrongly in my opinion wrongly put all banks into one basket, he rued. ISSUES: I ICICI Bank, the trigger for this deal may have had its origin in the unfavourable market reaction to its proposed merger plan with its parent ICICI. It needed to grow after all size helps gain entry into big ticket lending. Small may be beautiful, but big is powerful, as a banking expert put it. (2) Get it, get it big, get niche or get out is the simple survival formula for Indian banks here on. The impending merger of ICICI Bank and Bank of Madura holds out that lesson. Ever since the ground-breaking merger of HDFC Bank and Times Bank in November 19 99, all new private banks had begun the mating dance. (3) The ICICI Bank-Bank of Madura merger is that it is a mix of the old and new. They may not have the matching fit in terms of non-unionised, automated environment, with skilled and lean staff, that characterised the HDFC Bank-Times Bank merger. (Narayanan, 2010) CONSEQUENCES OF MERGER: 1 The bank was looking at a branch network of 350-400, which would have taken at least five years to achieve. The merger would provide this network immediately and would enable them spread their network to 16 States. 2-Moreover, to get an additional 1.2 million customers, which is BoMs client base now, it would have required a minimum of two years. Thus, the merger enables ICICI to have an aggregate of 2.7 million customer base and a combined asset base of Rs.16,000 crore, cross selling opportunities for assets and other products, and good cash management services. 3-BoM is strong in south India states and ICICI is very strong in Central and North Indian states, which would give a complacent advantage to both the banks. 4-The book value of ICICI Bank share is Rs.60 and that of BoM is Rs.233. The EPS of ICICI Bank is Rs.7 while that of BoM is Rs.44, and the last dividend paid by the former was 15 per cent while that by the latter was 55 per cent. Thus the merger is consider ed to be EPS accretive for ICICI Bank shareholders by 23 per cent, from Rs.7.10 per share annualised to Rs.8.70 per share annualised, based on September 2000 figures. THE MERGER: The indication is varied as to whether mergers increase companys performance. As times, companies make forecasts for development, increased competence, and greater profits. Though, more habitually before not, those estimates prove to be over overstated, and this also leads to dissatisfactions on the side of investors, shareholders and the management complex in the merger. MERGER WITH BANK OF MADURA: ICICI BANK AND BANK OF MADURA. This merger (ICICI Bank-BoM) brings together two entities that have grown in different environments. ICICI follows Banks 2000 software, which is totally different from that of BoMs ISBS software package. Though the size of ICICI Bank is almost thrice that of BoMs in terms of deposits, the number of employees in ICICI is around 1400 compared to 2500 employees in BoM. With the manual interpretations and procedures and the lack of awareness of the technology utilisation in BoM, there would be many hindrances in the merged entity. Hence to eradicate a ll such problems, a core group from both the banks has been constituted to help in the integration. Besides, ICICI also plans to set up sub-groups to look into areas such as IT, audit and HR. ICICI Bank, after having been scouting for long time to acquire a private sector bank, had held talks with Global Trust Bank and Centurion Bank and has finally merged with Bank of Madura at a swap ratio of 2:1 i.e., two shares of ICICI Bank for each share of BoM. The deal has created one of the biggest entities in the private sector with the merged entity having total assets of Rs.16, 000 crore as on September 2000. The share exchange ratio was worked out by Deloitte, Haskins and Sells, which acted as independent valuers to the transaction. DSP Merrill Lynch Ltd had acted as advisors to BoM while Kotak Mahindra Capital Company advised ICICI Bank on the merger process. (Babu, march 2001) The proposed merger of ICICI Bank and Bank of Madura lead to sustained market interest in the two stocks in the short-term. BoM closed at Rs.131.60 on the BSE, up from Rs 121.90 and ICICI Bank closed at Rs.169.85, up from Rs.151.40 on Dec 11, 2000. On Dec 15, 2000, BoM closed at Rs.166 on BSE and ICICI Bank ended at 157 despite the steep fall of the markets. CHANGE AFTER MERGER: The merger concerning ICICI bank and Bank of Madura accessible ICICI bank with the chance to increase its perspective over providing the firm with admission to retail banking markets and custom in the areas where its previous contact had been almost inexistent. The merger gave the firm that additional growing and inexpensive advantage that it was looking for to contest with Citigroup and other competitors. Investigation has shown that due to cumulative advances in technology and banking procedures, which type transactions, among other features of business, extra effective and well-organized, mergers and successes have become more recurring. (Nilesh, 2009) CHANGE AGENT: Change agent human ability or company body of things to gating a higher degree of outcome. Start with the finish in mind, the aim of a change agent is really to make changes. Result of change agent work is to allow people to do more, or search a new and good perspective on life. K V Kamath as change agent When K V kamath came back from ADB (Asian Development bank) in 1996,working there for 8 enriching years. Kamath, have seen the changes occurring in the financial sector abroad, wanted ICICI to become a one-stop shop for financial services. But there were basic problems in the organization like ignorance in the organization about the lending practices in the new sectors like infrastructure, problem of atrophy ( which was deep rooted in the organization), lack of motivation to grow and improve customer services and adapt to new technology( use of internet, atm for fast services). (Alias-i, 2010) RESISTANCE TO CHANGE: ICICI had to face change resistance once again in December 2 000, when ICICI Bank was merged with Bank of Madura . Though ICICI Bank was nearly three times the size of BoM, its staff strength was only 1,400 as against BoMs 2,500. Half of BoMs personnel were clerks and around 350 were subordinate staff. There were large differences in profiles, grades, designations and salaries of personnel in the two entities. It was also reported that there was uneasiness among the staff of BoM as they felt that ICICI would push up the productivity per employee, to match the levels of ICICI . BoM employees feared that their positions would come in for a closer scrutiny. They were not sure whether the rural branches would continue or not as ICICIs business was largely urban-oriented. The apprehensions of the BoM employees seemed to be justified as the working culture at ICICI and BoM were quite different and the emphasis of the respective management was also different. While BoM management concentrated on the overall profitability of the Bank, ICICI man agement turned all its departments into individual profit centers and bonus for employees was given on the performance of individual profit center rather than profits of whole organization. (Anon., 2002) CONCLUSION: In the twenties century mergers and acquisitions are the most recurrently used methods of growth for companies. They present a company with a hypothetically larger market part and exposed it up to a more differentiated market. A merger is considered to be fruitful, uncertainty it growths the acquiring firms value. The evidence is diverse as to whether mergers improve companys performance. As times, companies make predictions for growth, increased efficiency, and greater profits. (Kottler, 2009). Most mergers have really been known to advantage both struggle and customers by letting companies to operate more professionally. As was also presented, the United Nations World Investment Report 2000 proposes that the unique increase in cross-border mergers and acquisitions is mainly due to an increase in the globalization of markets he process of mergers and acquisitions fair for both the consumers and firms in the market several controls. As a case in point icici and bank of Madura is a perfect example of how a smart strategic move can make significant improvements to a companys performance. (still active CEOs, 2007). After the acquisition, as we have already established the merger within icici bank and bank of madura is, the latter companys market share, revenues, and net income all rose to impressive highs, marking the initial success of the acquisition.

Zeus and Poseidon Free Essays

Zeus and Poseidon In Greek mythology, there are many gods. All the gods rule a certain thing. One of the main gods are Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus. We will write a custom essay sample on Zeus and Poseidon or any similar topic only for you Order Now These gods are very alike and yet very different. When comparing and contrasting Zeus and Poseidon based on powers, place of rule, and marriages, it is clear that Zeus is the better choice. While both gods are very strong, Zeus is superior in power. Zeus is the god of the gods and thunder. Poseidon is the god of the sea and earthquakes. This makes both gods very powerful, Earthquakes make plenty of damage but thunder is much more destructive. Thunder can commence a fire that lasts for days. An earthquake lasts for a while. Zeus is clearly superior power wise. Comparing and contrasting place of rule Zeus also triumphs over Poseidon. Poseidon’s place of rule is the sea; Zeus’s place of rule is the heavens. The heavens and the sea are both beautiful places. Poseidon has his beautiful creatures underwater. But Zeus lives on Mount Olympus which is gods’ most wonderful place. Zeus feasts on ambrosia and nectar everyday. While comparing and contrasting Zeus and Poseidon’s marriage, Poseidon is the clear winner. Zeus is married to Hera and Poseidon is married to Amphitrite. Zeus was married six times, and he had numerous affairs with goddesses and mortal women. Poseidon, much like Zeus, also had many affairs but unlike Hera, Amphitrite was not jealous. In fact, the myths don’t indicate that Amphitrite took much notice of her husband’s love affairs. Poseidon triumphs over Zeus in marriage because Poseidon seemed to be more loyal to his wife. These two very powerful gods have numerous similarities and differences. Yet one is triumphant over the other in two of three categories. Zeus is triumphant in power and place of rule. Poseidon is superior when it comes to marriages. This shows that when comparing and contrasting Zeus and Poseidon derived from power, place of rule, and marriages Zeus is the finest god. How to cite Zeus and Poseidon, Papers

Ergonomics and human factors free essay sample

Human factors and ergonomics focuses on designing the world to better accommodate people. As a unique scientific discipline, human factors and ergonomics systematically applies the knowledge of human abilities and limitations to the design of systems with the goal of optimizing the interaction between people and other system elements to enhance safety, performance, and satisfaction. Human factors are relevant anywhere people work with systems, whether they are ocial or technical in nature. The breadth of these sociotechnical systems include situations and circumstances where people interact with other system elements including: Artifacts (e. g. , tools, machines, products, software, etc. ) Tasks Environments Teams Organizations Legal (e. g. , regulations, enforcement, etc. ) and political To learn more about each of these elements, the interested reader should consult the writings of Carayon (2006), Carayon and Smith (2000), Karwowski (2000), Moray (2000), and Wilson (2000). Within the last 100 years, a broad spectrum of industries ave benefitted by deliberately focusing on how people interact with systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Ergonomics and human factors or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These industries include: Aerospace Automotive Computer Consumer products Construction Defense Forestry Healthcare Manufacturing Mining Nuclear Petroleum Telecommunications Textile The gamut of work human factors and ergonomics practitioners perform is great and has been discussed in greater detail by Karwowski (2005; 2006) and Salvendy (2006). A Brief History of HF and E Born of necessity and collaboration In the United States, the discipline of human factors and ergonomics, is generally onsidered to have originated during World War II (Wickens Hollands, 2000), although advances that contributed to its formation can be traced to the turn of the 20th century. Prior to World War II, the focus was designing the human to fit the machine (i. e. , trial and error), instead of designing machines to fit the human (p. 3). This can be found in Frederick Taylors work studying selection, training, workrest schedules, and time motion studies of industrial workers (Taylor, 1911), and through the extension of his time motions studies, by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Gilbreth, 1914; Gilbreth Gilbreth, 1917). Many of the human factors and ergonomic advances originated out of military necessity. With the start of World War l, the first conflict to employ the newly invented airplane in combat, the need arose for methods to rapidly select and train qualified pilots. This prompted the development of aviation psychology and the beginning of to Meister (1999), the impetus for developing the discipline wasnt met due to a lack of critical mass of technology and personnel as there was in World War II (p. 149). The time between World War I and World War II saw a reduction in research, lthough some achievements were made. Aeromedical research continued to see advances in laboratories built at Brooks Air Force Base in Texas and Wright Field in Ohio. These laboratories performed studies that focused on further identifying the characteristics of successful pilots, and determining what effects environmental stressors had on flight performance. Also, the basics of anthropometry (the study of human body measurements) were applied to the design of airplanes in this time period. In the private sector, automobile driving behavioral research was also conducted (Forbes, 1939). The outbreak of World War II, and the two inherent needs it generated, formed the catalyst for developing the human factors and ergonomics discipline. First, the need to mobilize and employ vast numbers of men and women made it impractical to select individuals for specific Jobs. Thus, the focus shifted to designing for peoples capabilities, while minimizing the negative consequences of their limitations. Second, World War II witnessed the tipping point where the technological advances had finally outpaced the ability of people to adapt and compensate to poor designs. This was most evident in airplane crashes by highly- trained pilots due to problems with control confgurations (Fitts Jones, 1947a) and instrument displays (Fitts Jones, 1947b). Also, enemy contacts were missed by motivated radar operators (Wickens Hollands, 2000). Experimental psychologists were retained to study these issues by adapting laboratory techniques to solve applied problems. Consequently, the discipline of human factors and ergonomics was born, even if the people (e. g. , Paul Fitts, Alphonse Chapanis, Arnold Small, etc. ) involved didnt realize it at the time (Meister, 1999). The two decades following the end of World War II saw the continuation of military- sponsored research, driven in large part, by the Cold War. Military research laboratories established during the war were expanded and additional ones were developed by the Army (Human Engineering Benchmark Research Safety, Inc. Practical solutions for complex problems Copyright 2008 3 Laboratory), the Air Force (Air Force Personnel and Training Research Center), and the Navvy (Naval Electronics Laboratory). Universities also established laboratories, with the assistance of government funding, including ones at the University of Illinois Aviation Psychology Laboratory) in 1946, and Ohio State University (Laboratory of Aviation Psychology) in 1949.